SCHOOL TEACHERS’ VIEWS TOWARDS THE EFFECTS OF A CRISIS ON CONFLICTS: THE CASE OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Nikolaos Skoulidas, Melpomeni Arkoudea, Nikolaos Alexopoulos

Abstract


The investigation of conflicts and their management in primary school units emerges as extremely important, given that the educational process must be conducted within a positive working environment. This paper examines the phenomenon of conflict in primary schools at a time of crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic. This is for the reason that the above period is likely to have reshaped the relationships of cooperation and, by extension, the number, intensity and impact of the inevitable conflicts in social organizations such as schools. According to the research results, the school conflicts were found to concern existing issues prior to the pandemic and to a lesser extent reflected problems that arose as a result of health protection measures against the new coronavirus, the extensive use of ICT, distance teaching and the new conditions of organization and operation to which schools had to adapt. Also, they contributed decisively to the tackling of issues that emerged regarding the operation of the school as a consequence of the new health and social conditions. This finding demonstrates to school management that the crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic, just like any other crisis, in fact, takes on both negative and positive qualities.

 

Article visualizations:

Hit counter


Keywords


school conflicts, conflicts resolution, crisis management, COVID-19 pandemic, school management

Full Text:

PDF

References


Agolli (Nasufi), I., & Rada, A. (2015). Teachers’ Experience and Perceptions on Conflicts at Schools: Their Solution and Addressing. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 5(2), 69-72

Alexopoulos, N. (2019). Resolving School Staffing Problems in Greece: A Strategic Management Approach. Frontiers in Education, https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2019.00130

Alves, M.P., Dimas, I.D., Lourenço, P.R., Rebelo, T., Peñarroja V., & Gamero, N. (2022). Can virtuality be protective of team trust? Conflict and effectiveness in hybrid teams. Behaviour & Information Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2022.2046163

Antoniou, A.S., Polychroni, F., & Vlachakis, A.N. (2006). Gender and age differences in occupational stress and professional burnout between primary and high‐school teachers in Greece. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7). 682–690. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690213.

Appelbaum, S., Abdallah, C., & Shapiro, B. (1999). The self-directed team. A conflict resolution analysis. Team Performance Management, 5(2), 60-77. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527599910268940

Balay, R. (2006). Conflict management strategies of administrators and teachers. Asian Journal of Management Cases, 3(1), 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/097282010500300103

Baldwin-Clark, T.C. (2021). A joke no more: Online education in the face of COVID-19. Local Development & Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/26883597.2021.1935303

Barda, D., & Koutouzis, M. (2021). The trade union discourse and its contribution to the democratic dialogue: The Primary School Teachers’ Association discourse on evaluation. Dialogues! Theory and Practice in Education, 7, 134–155. https://doi.org/10.12681/dial.23098

Barron Rodriguez, M.R., Cobo Romani, J.C., Munoz-Najar, A., & Sanchez Ciarrusta, I.A. (2021). Remote learning during the global school lockdown: Multi-country lessons. World Bank Group.

Bavel, J.J.V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P.S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M.J., Crum, A.J., Douglas, K.M., Druckman, J.N., Drury, J., Dube, O., Ellemers, N., Finke, E.J., Fowler, J.H., Gelfand, M., Han, S., Haslam, S.A., … Wille R. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, 4, 460–471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z

Beilstein, C. M., Lehmann, L. E., Braun, M., Urman, R. D., Luedi, M. M., & Stüber, F. (2020). Leadership in a time of crisis: lessons learned from a pandemic. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiologym, 35(3), 405-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpa.2020.11.011

Blasko, Z. (2020). Working from Home when Teachers Do the Same – Teleworking and Work-Family Conflicts during COVID-19 Lockdowns. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3729301

Brock, S. E., Nickerson, A. B., Reeves, M. A. L., Conolly, C. N., Jimerson, S. R., Pesce, R. C., & Lazzaro, B., R. (2016). School crisis prevention and intervention. National Association of School Psychologists.

Brooks, S.K., Webster, R.K., Smith, L.E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin G.J., (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395 (10227), 912-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8

Chon, M. G., Tam, L., & Kim, J. N. (2021). Effects of organizational conflict history and employees’ situational perceptions of COVID-19 on negative megaphoning and turnover intention. Journal of Communication Management, 25(3), 298–315. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCOM-10-2020-0114

Collie, R. J. (2021). COVID-19 and teachers’ somatic burden, stress, and emotional exhaustion: examining the role of principal leadership and workplace buoyancy. AERA Open, 7(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858420986187

Cora, H. (2020). Contemporary Conflict Management and Intervention Strategies for Businesses Under COVID-19 Crises. TURAN-SAM, 12(46), 363-370. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=874916

Daft, R.L. (2020). Organization theory and design. Cengage

Davis, D.R., & Fowler, D.J. (2020). Human resources for school leaders. Rowman & Littlefield.

Dean, J. (1995). Managing the Primary School. Routledge.

Delcker, J., & Ifenthaler, D. (2021). Teachers’ perspective on school development at German vocational schools during the Covid-19 pandemic. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 30(1), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2020.1857826

Deutsch, M. (1990). Sixty years of conflict. International Journal of Conflict Management, 1(3), 237-263. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb022682

Ertürk, R. (2022). Conflict in Schools: A Qualitative Study. Participatory Educational Research, 9(1), 251-270. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.22.14.9.1

Evans, D.K., & Yuan, F. (2018). The working conditions of teachers in low-and middle-income countries. Background paper for the World Bank’s 2018 World Development Report, “Realizing the Promise of Education for Development”. https://t.ly/F-v_

Everard, K.B., Morris, G., & Wilson, I. (2004). Effective school management. Paul Chapman Publication.

Feirsen, R., & Weitzman, S. (2022). A School Leader's Guide to Unleashing Conflict's Problem-Solving Power. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Fränkl, E., Scarpelli, S., Nadorff, M.R., Bjorvatn, B., Bolstad, C.J., Chan, N.Y., Chung, F., Dauvilliers, Y., Espie, C.A., Inoue, Y., Leger, D., Macêdo, T., Matsui, K., Merikanto, I., Morin, C.M., Mota-Rolim, S., Partinen, M., Penzel, T., Plazzi, G., … Holzinger, B. (2021). How our Dreams Changed During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects and Correlates of Dream Recall Frequency - a Multinational Study on 19.355 Adults. Nature and Science of Sleep, 13, 1573–1591. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S324142.

Göksoy, S., & Argon, T. (2016). Conflicts at Schools and Their Impact on Teachers. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(4), 197-205. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v4i4.1388

Herrmann, L., Nielsen, B. L., & Aguilar-Raab, C. (2021). The Impact of COVID-19 on Interpersonal Aspects in Elementary School. Frontiers in Education, 6:635180. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.635180

Hidalgo-Andrade, P., Hermosa-Bosano, C., & Paz, C. (2021). Teachers' mental health and self-reported coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador: A Mixed-Methods Study. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 14 (2021), 933–944. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S314844

Hitiris, L.S. (2017). Organizational behaviour. Concepts, theory & behaviors for effective management. Benou (in Greek).

Iordanides, G.D., Bakas, T., Saiti, A.C., & Ifanti, A.A. (2014). Primary teachers’ and principals’ attitudes towards conflict phenomenon in schools in Greece. Multilingual Academic Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 2(2), 37-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/MAJESS/v2-i2/1389

Iordanides, G., & Mitsara, S. (2014). Consequences of Conflict in the Functioning of Primary Schools in Greece. International Studies in Educational Administration,42(2), 127-144.

Jakovlevic, M. (2018). Empathy, sense of coherence and resilience: bridging personal, public and global mental health and conceptual synthesis. Psychiatria Danubina, 30(4), 380-384. https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2018.380

Karagiorgas, P. (2018). Conflicts among teaches of Primary and Secondary Education: a comparative study on the causes, consequences and ways of resolution and management [Master’s Dissertation, TEI of Western Greece]. Athena, TEI of Western Greece Institutional Repository. http://repository.library.teimes.gr/xmlui/handle/123456789/6974 (in Greek)

Kefis, B. (2005). Integrated Management: Basic principles for contemporary financial organizations. Kritiki (in Greek).

Klonek, F.E., Kanse, L., Wee, S., Runneboom, C., & Parker, S. K. (2021). Did the COVID-19 Lock-Down Make Us Better at Working in Virtual Teams? Small Group Research 53(2), 185-206. https://doi.org/10.1177/10464964211008991

Kniffin, K.M., Narayanan, J., Anseel, F., Antonakis, J., Ashford, S.P., Bakker, A.B., Bamberger, P., Bapuji, H., Bhave, D.P., Choi, V.K., Creary, S.J., Demerouti, E., Flynn, F.J., Gelfand, M.J., Greer, L.L., Johns, G., Kesebir, S., Klein, P.G., Lee, S.Y., . . . Vugt, M. v. (2021). COVID-19 and the workplace: Implications, issues, and insights for future research and action. American Psychologist, 76(1), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000716

Koçak, O, Koçak Ö.E., Younis, M.Z. (2021). The Psychological Consequences of COVID-19 Fear and the Moderator Effects of Individuals' Underlying Illness and Witnessing Infected Friends and Family. International Journal of Environmental Research in Public Health, 18(4):1836. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041836

Koutromanos, G., & Mikropoulos T.A. (2021). Mobile Augmented Reality Applications in Teaching: A Proposed Technology Acceptance Model. 2021 7th International Conference of the Immersive Learning Research Network (iLRN), (pp. 1-8). https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9459343

Kyrou, F., Alexopoulos, N., & Raptis, N. (2020). The reception of newly appointed teachers: The contribution of the principal and the teachers’ association. European Journal of Educational Management, 3(2), 67-80. https://doi.org/10.12973/eujem.3.2.67

Lee, H. (2021). The Rise and Challenges of Postpandemic Online Education. IEEE Engineering Management Review, 49(4), 54-58. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9516925

Lee, Y., & Kim, J. (2021). Cultivating employee creativity through strategic internal communication: the role of leadership, symmetry, and feedback seeking behaviors. Public Relations Review, 47(1), 101998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101998

Li, L., & Rupar, A. (2021). Conceptualizing Teacher Agency for Inclusive Education: A Systematic and International Review. Teacher Education and Special Education 2021, 44(1) 42–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888406420926976

Lien, C.M., Khan, S., & Eid, J (2022). School Principals’ Experiences and Learning from the Covid-19 Pandemic in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2022.2043430

Charner-Laird, M. Ng, M., Johnson, S.M., Kraft, M.A., Papay J. P., & Reinhorn, S.K. (2020). Gauging goodness of fit: teachers’ responses to their instructional teams in high-poverty schools. American Journal of Education, 123(4), 553–584. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/692663

Madalina, O. (2016). Conflict management, a new challenge. Procedia Economics and Finance, 39(2016), 807-814. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)30255-6

Manesis, N., Vlachou, E., & Mitropoulou, F. (2019). Greek teachers’ perceptions about the types and the consequences of conflicts within school context. European Journal of Educational Research, 8(3), 781-799. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.8.3.781

Marzano, R.J. (2012). The two purposes of teacher Evaluation, Educational Leadership, 70(3), 14-19.

Melki, J., Tamim, H., Hadid, D., Farhat S., Makki, M., Ghandour, L., & Hitti, E. (2020). Media Exposure and Health Behavior during Pandemics: The Mediating Effect of Perceived Knowledge and Fear on Compliance with COVID-19 Prevention Measures. Health Communication, 37(5), 586-596. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1858564

Mihaylova, I. (2020). Well prepared for conflict in organizations? A managers' self-assessment of their Conflict Management knowledge. Knowledge - International Journal, 42(1), 121-127. https://ikm.mk/ojs/index.php/kij/article/view/533/532

Mihaylova, I. (2021). The impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the incidence of conflicts in organizations: an employee perspective. Knowledge - International Journal, 48(1), 165–171. http://ikm.mk/ojs/index.php/kij/article/view/4697

Msila, V. (2012). Conflict management and school leadership. Journal of Communication, 3(1), 25-34. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233868808_Conflict_Management_and_School_Leadership

Mullins, L. J. (2017). Management and organizational behavior. Pearson education Ltd.

Nadjafova, Z., Paresashvili, N., Maisuradze, T.,  Nikvashvili, M. (2021). Organizational conflict management during COVID 19. In S., Yagubov, S., Aliyev,  M., Mikic. (Eds.). Economic and social development. 70th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development, Baku, 788-795.

National Education Association, (2018). Nea’s School Crisis Guide. Help and Healing a Time of Crisis. National Education Association (NEA).

Naughton, M. (2020, April 24). How organizations are responding to the coronavirus pandemic. Harvard Business Publishing Corporate Learning. https://www.harvardbusiness.org/how-organizations-are-responding-to-the-coronavirus-pandemic

OECD (2019). Working and Learning Together. Rethinking Human Resource Policies for Schools. OECD.

OECD, (2009). Creating Effective Teaching and Learning Environment. OECD

Pantiuk, M., Sadova, I., & Lozynska, S. (2019). Іntrapersonal conflict factors of primary school teachers. In Society, Integration. Education: Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference. Rezekne: Rezekne Academy of Technologies, vol. II, (pp. 339-351). https://doi.org/10.17770/sie2019vol2.3889

Papadatou, E., & Alexopoulos, N. (2019). Cooperativeness in Primary Schools: An Exploratory Investigation of Teachers’ Attitudes and Perceptions in Greece. US-China Education Review A, 9(5), 203-217. https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-623X/2019.05.001

Papageorgaki, D., & Papageorgakis, P. (2020). Conflict management of teachers in primary schools in Greece. British International Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 7(5), 72-79. https://cirdjournal.com/index.php/bijess/article/view/187

Pressley, T. (2021) Returning to teaching during COVID-19: An empirical study on elementary teachers’ self-efficacy. Psychology in the Schools, 58(8), 1611-1623. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22528

Pressley, T., & Ha, C. (2021) Teaching during a Pandemic: United States Teachers' Self-Efficacy During COVID-19. Teaching and Teacher Education, 106 (2021),103465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103465

Pressley, T., Ha, C., & Learn, E. (2021). Teacher stress and anxiety during COVID-19: An empirical study. School Psychology, 36(5), 367–376. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000468

Qawala, S.A.A., Mousa, M.M.M., & Gida, N.I.M. (2021). Effectiveness of First Aid Training Program Package on Teacher Performance at Secondary Industrial Technical Schools. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 15(4), 306-327. https://www.ijicc.net/images/Vol_15/Iss_4/15404_Uleanya_2021_E_R.pdf

Rahim, M.A. (2017). Managing conflicts in organizations. Routledge.

Ren, Y, Qian, W, Li, Z, Liu, Z, Zhou, Y, Wang, R, Qi, L, Yang, J, Song, X, Zeng, L, & Zhang, X. (2020). Public mental health under the long-term influence of COVID-19 in China: Geographical and temporal distribution. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 893-900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.045

Robbins, S., & Judge, T. (2019). Organizational behavior. Pearson.

Romer, D., & Jamieson, K.H. (2020). Conspiracy theories as barriers to controlling the spread of COVID-19 in the U.S. Social Science & Medicine, 263, 113356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113356

Saiti, A. (2014). Conflicts in schools, conflict management styles and the role of the school leader: A case study of Greek primary school educators. Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 43(4), 582-609. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143214523007

Saiti, A., & Papadopoulos, Y. (2015). School teachers’ job satisfaction and personal characteristics: A quantitative research study in Greece. International Journal of Educational Management, 29(1), 73-97. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-05-2013-0081

Saitis, C., & Saiti, A. (2018). Initiation of educators into educational management secrets. Springer International Publishing.

Salminen, S., Kurenniemi, M., Råback, M., Markkula, J., & Lounamaa, A. (2014). School environment and school injuries. Frontiers in Public Health, 1, 76. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2013.00076

Schult, J., Mahler, N., Fauth, B., & Lindner, M.A. (2022). Did students learn less during the COVID-19 pandemic? Reading and mathematics competencies before and after the first pandemic wave. School Effectiveness and School Improvement. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2022.2061014

Sheridan, A., Andersen A.L., Hansen, E.T., & Johannesen N. (2020). Social distancing laws cause only small losses of economic activity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Scandinavia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(34), 20468-20473. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010068117

Skordoulis, M., Koukounaras Liagkis, M., Sidiropoulos, G., & Drosos, D. (2020). Emotional intelligence and workplace conflict resolution: The case of secondary education teachers in Greece. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 6(4), 521-533. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijres.v6i4.1224

Sokal, L., Trudel, L.E., & Babb, J. (2020). Canadian teachers’ attitudes toward change, efficacy, and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 1(2020), 100016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2020.100016

Stracke, C.M., & Trisolini, G. A. (2021). Systematic Literature Review on the Quality of MOOCs. Sustainability, 13(11), 5817. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115817

Syed, N. (2020), “COVID-19: employees believe leaders are ‘failing’ to manage crisis”, Human Resources Director, available at: https://www.hcamag.com/au/specialisation/leadership/covid19-employees-believe-leaders-are-failing-to-manage-the-crisis/221939.

Tekos, G., & Iordanidis, G. (2011). School management and management conflicts from the perspective of teachers, Educational Review, 51, 99-217 (in Greek).

Thomas, K.W. (1992). Conflict and conflict management: Reflections and update. Journal of organizational behavior, 13(3) 265-274. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2488472

Türk Y.K., & Ceylan, M. (2020). The relationship between the personality traits of prospective teachers and their conflict management styles. Elementary Education Online19(2), 445 - 464. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2020.689666

Vakola, M., & Nikolaou, I. (2012). Organizational Psychology and Behavior. Kritiki. (in Greek).




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v9i8.4430

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2022 Nikolaos Skoulidas, Melpomeni Arkoudea, Nikolaos Alexopoulos

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright © 2015-2023. European Journal of Education Studies (ISSN 2501 - 1111) is a registered trademark of Open Access Publishing Group. All rights reserved.


This journal is a serial publication uniquely identified by an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) serial number certificate issued by Romanian National Library (Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei). All the research works are uniquely identified by a CrossRef DOI digital object identifier supplied by indexing and repository platforms. All authors who send their manuscripts to this journal and whose articles are published on this journal retain full copyright of their articles. All the research works published on this journal are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).